Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 12

This book covers key areas of physical science research. The contributions by the authors include neurotransmitter cycles, small molecules, quantum field theory, quantized energy, quantized information, quantum field of Bosons, thermodynamics, symmetry braking, quantum fluctuations, neural quantum circuitry, photon, electron, positron, electromagnetic energy, Ag-nanocluster, size-selected cluster, atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gravitation, electromagnetic-gravitational union, dark energy, dark matter, cosmology, geometry, topology, consciousness, reality models, event physics, epistemology, cognitive action theory, process physics, lagrange formalism, principle of least action, dissipative systems, saddle line, variables principle, electrical engineering, mechanics, electrodynamics, hydrodynamics, ion beam sputtering, metal co-deposition, nano-patterns, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, intermetallics, ionic melt, electroreduction, electrosynthesis, refractory compounds, rare-earth metals. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers and academicians in the field of physical science research.