Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 1

This book covers key areas of physical science. The contributions by the authors include semiconductor nanoparticles, cadmium zinc sulfide, optical band gap energy, UV-visible spectroscopy, generator graphs, trivial cyclic group, cyclic graph, fuzzy generator graph, magnetic monopole charge, symmetric Maxwell’s equation, dark energy and quantum mechanical uncertainty, neutron beta decay process, ceria-based materials, Sr²⁺ addition, micro structural properties, intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell application, samarium doped ceria, Raman analysis, geopolitical shifts in space exploration, space competition rationale and trends, international space policies, new international alignments, force of attraction, Newton’s law of gravitation, age of celestial bodies, density of space, quantum mechanics, unitless physics, fundamental particle communication, big bang, angular momentum conservation, quaternionic formulation, Bekenstein-Sanders Guage Field, dark matter, TeVeS theory, quantum chromodynamics, parton recombination phenomena, Gribov-Levin-Ryskin, parton distribution functions, radiation dose dynamics, radiation safety, technetium-99m, room identification number, standard model of particle physics, quark particles, composite particle, electromagnetic waves, ground heat flux, net radiation, soil temperature, thermal molecular conductivity, p-type multi-crystalline PERC silicon solar cells, light- and elevated temperature-induced degradation, fill factor, open-circuit voltage, biased annealing process. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers, and academicians in the field physical science.